#java wildcard

[4urdy9urdy]

Coding Conventions

According to Wikipedia, coding conventions are sets of guidelines for a specific language that recommend specific programming styles, practices, and methods for each aspect of a program written in that language.

The benefit of everyone in a team adhering to such a convention is that confusion is minimized when reading team member's code and that the code looks uniform throughout. A benefit of sticking to a convention even when working alone is that doing so helps it become a habit and it makes code more pleasant to look at. A possible downside of coding conventions is that they can feel restrictive, or in some cases can even make it seem like a certain way of formatting something is the only way to do it.

I was surprised that Google's Style for Java does not allow wildcard imports. I was also surprised how detailed Google was about horizontal whitespace. My code doesn't always meet the camel case requirements, especially when acronyms are involved. The fact that "newCustomerId" is correct but "newCustomerID" isn't makes me really sad. I'd be pretty upset for a while if I was forced to use the correct version (according to the style guide…), but I'd hopefully get used to it after a while.

[infernovm]

How to handle type erasure in advanced Java generics

Generics programming in Java enhances type safety and code reusability by allowing developers to define classes and methods using type parameters. Advanced techniques like bounded types and wildcards support the creation of flexible data structures and algorithms, which can operate on various data types while maintaining compile-time type checking. In previous articles, I’ve introduced the…

[some-programming-pearls]

Java Interview Question - Explain the reason for the below-mentioned scenario

You can assign List<String>, List<Integer> to List<?> but you can not assign List<String> to List<Object>. This Java question deals with the concept of wildcards in generics and the differences between assigning different types of lists to each other. Let’s break it down in detail: Using Wildcards in Generics: In Java generics, the wildcard <?> represents an unknown type. It is used when you…

[minglermail]

enjoy some random close-ups as well! im also going to try and list everyones toons in here. wish me luck LOL

fiver, bearly pawsible, mike o'mallard - me moon water, sunrise java - my sibling lila mumble, cooper - @melodylandmouse pippa, toothpaste - @shtickerbook spinel, night - @nitethekitten uni - @sugaryuniverse reactor (+ baby) - @sellbotfactory ray - @soundless-toon lucky autumn - @cogdominium meowdus opurrandi - @lafflanes quark - @panicatthebeanfest rozovaya - @bullion-minty ark - @lowtoonz jessie waddlebottom - @toonirl wildcard - @drowsy-dreamland oddball - @cogbowling eighth wonder - @wingsthephoenix popcorn electrobubble - @pinkpierregirl15 violet - @toonscratch sheriff bonkers electrowhip - @transsurlee frosty biten - @splashtail big bongo - @crushcircuit JC glitterfluff - @julyrism DJ minty fresh - @alicebrightstar pan dulce - @brujapix cherry red - @riggymarole joyful roxy - @junehs casper - @pumpkinswirls sunstone - @nebulite64 lili - lili monique - mo / ripgraphitegulch (i cant remember ur current toontown url im so sorry </3) candy - kirby / kirbywarpstar king butch gigglefish (+ little stars) - collectors collective raoul - raoul little lano - lano peanut crinkledoodle - peanut bear hugz - pam chief arrow electrotoon - senn allison - allison nyamco - wilbur (i also cant remember ur url </3) spearmint - spearmint mousequerade - matt little - little sir lappington - lappy king kippy - simon / buugtism weird wacko - kris garrett - damien sugarbelle - strawberry milk the random dog - jacob vapor grape - rob

and i THINK thats everyone! 💖

🎁happy holidays!🎁

its time for another toontown group photo :D this one was a lot of fun! have fun playing wheres waldo with your toons /j

[itsbeyondsimple-blog]

Upgrade your Programming Skills

Get ready to clear your programming skills by starting it with basics. No need to worry, We will help you to clear all your concepts with real-life examples. Stay Tuned with Its Beyond Simple.

[blocks2code]

Explain Wildcard Concept And Type of Wildcard in Java Generics

Explain Wildcard Concept And Type of Wildcard in Java Generics

In Java Generics, a Wildcard is represented by a ? or Question mark that resembles Unknown Type which is used to resolve incompatibility issue. Further, Wildcard can be used in various places such as, in form of the type parameter, field, as  return type and local variable. It can’t be used to instantiate a generic class or invoke a generic method. In short, a wildcard concept provides a way to…

[lacyc3]

Alapból szeretem és motivált is vagyok. Szeretek érdekes problémákat megoldani.

De eddig kb. minden cégnél elbaszták az egészet.

A kurva big corporate policy-k, a folyamatos értelmetlen korlátozások, az állandó auditok, a faszságokon rugózás (hello SonarQube), hogy mindenre valami workaround-ot kell találni az értelmetlen korlátozások miatt, hogy ha valami érdemlegeset akarok csinálni akkor 3-4 csapatot kell basztatnom, hogy a saját megbaszott gépemre nem húzhatok fel szinte semmit, még egy elcseszett git kliens is alig ment fel.

Nem az a baj, hogy gondok vannak. Az a baj, hogy nem megoldást keresünk rá, hanem mindenre ticketet nyitunk, jaj ne panaszkodj annyit, etc - etc.

Legutóbb is, hivatalos úton feltettem a PowerBI-t, mert PoC-ot kell benne csinálni. Felment. Aztán hogy - hogynem, valami központi policy miatt törölték. Újratelepíteni nem lehet, nyissak jegyet rá.

Minden legyen kész tegnapra, de mindenre nyissak jegyet. Kibaszott Azure Storage Account létrehozására vártam 2 hetet. 30 másodperc létrehozni annak, aki még nem csinált ilyet.

Valamelyik jóképességűnek sikerült WSL-be betennie HTTPS filteringet. De valahogy odáig nem jutott el a tudás, hogy a központi cert tárba be kéne tenni a céges wildcard certet is, mert amúgy minden TLS hibát fog dobni. Balfasz.

WSL-ből nem érem el a céges artifactory-t, Windowsra meg nem telepíthetek javát, mavent és a többi szokásos szart. Nem mintha java fejlesztő lennék, de lenne mit kipróbálni lokálban, mielőtt feltolom akár csak a teszt branch-be. Így most az van, hogy megcsinálom helyben, feltolom tesztre, aztán a Jenkins majd kideríti hogy mi van.

Jenkins pluginokat se lehet csak úgy telepíteni.. nah, esetleg kipróbálni? Told fel CaC-ként, indítsd újra az egészet (30 perc) és talán működni fog. Mindenki másnak meg megállnak a dolgai, amíg restart van.

Annyira elegem van ezekből a felesleges szívatásokból, hogy hihetetlen.

De eddig mindenhol ez volt. Feleslegesen váltanék egy n+1. helyre, ha ugyanaz a szar, csak másképp tálalva.

De menekülnék egy olyan helyre, ahol az eredmény számít és nem a sok faszság.

Téged érdekel az a munka, amiből megélsz?

[shinelikethunder]

Fandom Userscript Cookbook: Five Projects to Get Your Feet Wet

Target audience: This post is dedicated, with love, to all novice, aspiring, occasional, or thwarted coders in fandom. If you did a code bootcamp once and don’t know where to start applying your new skillz, this is for you. If you're pretty good with HTML and CSS but the W3Schools Javascript tutorials have you feeling out of your depth, this is for you. If you can do neat things in Python but don’t know a good entry point for web programming, this is for you. Seasoned programmers looking for small, fun, low-investment hobby projects with useful end results are also welcome to raid this post for ideas.

You will need:

The Tampermonkey browser extension to run and edit userscripts

A handful of example userscripts from greasyfork.org. Just pick a few that look nifty and install them. AO3 Savior is a solid starting point for fandom tinkering.

Your browser dev tools. Hit F12 or right click > Inspect Element to find the stuff on the page you want to tweak and experiment with it. Move over to the Console tab once you’ve got code to test out and debug.

Javascript references and tutorials. W3Schools has loads of both. Mozilla’s JS documentation is top-notch, and I often just keep their reference lists of built-in String and Array functions open in tabs as I code. StackOverflow is useful for questions, but don’t assume the code snippets you find there are always reliable or copypastable.

That’s it. No development environment. No installing node.js or Ruby or Java or two different versions of Python. No build tools, no dependency management, no fucking Docker containers. No command line, even. Just a browser extension, the browser’s built-in dev tools, and reference material. Let’s go.

You might also want:

jQuery and its documentation. If you’re wrestling with a mess of generic spans and divs and sparse, unhelpful use of classes, jQuery selectors are your best bet for finding the element you want before you snap and go on a murderous rampage. jQuery also happens to be the most ubiquitous JS library out there, the essential Swiss army knife for working with Javascript’s... quirks, so experience with it is useful. It gets a bad rap because trying to build a whole house with a Swiss army knife is a fool’s errand, but it’s excellent for the stuff we're about to do.

Git or other source control, if you’ve already got it set up. By all means share your work on Github. Greasy Fork can publish a userscript from a Github repo. It can also publish a userscript from an uploaded text file or some code you pasted into the upload form, so don’t stress about it if you’re using a more informal process.

A text editor. Yes, seriously, this is optional. It’s a question of whether you’d rather code everything right there in Tampermonkey’s live editor, or keep a separate copy to paste into Tampermonkey’s live editor for testing. Are you feeling lucky, punk?

Project #1: Hack on an existing userscript

Install some nifty-looking scripts for websites you visit regularly. Use them. Ponder small additions that would make them even niftier. Take a look at their code in the Tampermonkey editor. (Dashboard > click on the script name.) Try to figure out what each bit is doing.

Then change something, hit save, and refresh the page.

Break it. Make it select the wrong element on the page to modify. Make it blow up with a huge pile of console errors. Add a console.log("I’m a teapot"); in the middle of a loop so it prints fifty times. Savor your power to make the background wizardry of the internet do incredibly dumb shit.

Then try a small improvement. It will probably break again. That's why you've got the live editor and the console, baby--poke it, prod it, and make it log everything it's doing until you've made it work.

Suggested bells and whistles to make the already-excellent AO3 Savior script even fancier:

Enable wildcards on a field that currently requires an exact match. Surely there’s at least one song lyric or Richard Siken quote you never want to see in any part of a fic title ever again, right?

Add some text to the placeholder message. Give it a pretty background color. Change the amount of space it takes up on the page.

Blacklist any work with more than 10 fandoms listed. Then add a line to the AO3 Savior Config script to make the number customizable.

Add a global blacklist of terms that will get a work hidden no matter what field they're in.

Add a list of blacklisted tag combinations. Like "I'm okay with some coffee shop AUs, but the ones that are also tagged as fluff don't interest me, please hide them." Or "Character A/Character B is cute but I don't want to read PWP about them."

Anything else you think of!

Project #2: Good Artists Borrow, Great Artists Fork (DIY blacklisting)

Looking at existing scripts as a model for the boilerplate you'll need, create a script that runs on a site you use regularly that doesn't already have a blacklisting/filtering feature. If you can't think of one, Dreamwidth comments make a good guinea pig. (There's a blacklist script for them out there, but reinventing wheels for fun is how you learn, right? ...right?) Create a simple blacklisting script of your own for that site.

Start small for the site-specific HTML wrangling. Take an array of blacklisted keywords and log any chunk of post/comment text that contains one of them.

Then try to make the post/comment it belongs to disappear.

Then add a placeholder.

Then get fancy with whitelists and matching metadata like usernames/titles/tags as well.

Crib from existing blacklist scripts like AO3 Savior as shamelessly as you feel the need to. If you publish the resulting userscript for others to install (which you should, if it fills an unmet need!), please comment up any substantial chunks of copypasted or closely-reproduced code with credit/a link to the original. If your script basically is the original with some key changes, like our extra-fancy AO3 Savior above, see if there’s a public Git repo you can fork.

Project #3: Make the dread Tumblr beast do a thing

Create a small script that runs on the Tumblr dashboard. Make it find all the posts on the page and log their IDs. Then log whether they're originals or reblogs. Then add a fancy border to the originals. Then add a different fancy border to your own posts. All of this data should be right there in the post HTML, so no need to derive it by looking for "x reblogged y" or source links or whatever--just make liberal use of Inspect Element and the post's data- attributes.

Extra credit: Explore the wildly variable messes that Tumblr's API spews out, and try to recreate XKit's timestamps feature with jQuery AJAX calls. (Post timestamps are one of the few reliable API data points.) Get a zillion bright ideas about what else you could do with the API data. Go through more actual post data to catalogue all the inconsistencies you’d have to catch. Cry as Tumblr kills the dream you dreamed.

Project #4: Make the dread Tumblr beast FIX a thing

Create a script that runs on individual Tumblr blogs (subdomains of tumblr.com). Browse some blogs with various themes until you've found a post with the upside-down reblog-chain bug and a post with reblogs displaying normally. Note the HTML differences between them. Make the script detect and highlight upside-down stacks of blockquotes. Then see if you can make it extract the blockquotes and reassemble them in the correct order. At this point you may be mobbed by friends and acquaintainces who want a fix for this fucking bug, which you can take as an opportunity to bury any lingering doubts about the usefulness of your scripting adventures.

(Note: Upside-down reblogs are the bug du jour as of September 2019. If you stumble upon this post later, please substitute whatever the latest Tumblr fuckery is that you'd like to fix.)

Project #5: Regular expressions are a hard limit

I mentioned up above that Dreamwidth comments are good guinea pigs for user scripting? You know what that means. Kinkmemes. Anon memes too, but kinkmemes (appropriately enough) offer so many opportunities for coding masochism. So here's a little exercise in sadism on my part, for anyone who wants to have fun (or "fun") with regular expressions:

Write a userscript that highlights all the prompts on any given page of a kinkmeme that have been filled.

Specifically, scan all the comment subject lines on the page for anything that looks like the title of a kinkmeme fill, and if you find one, highlight the prompt at the top of its thread. The nice ones will start with "FILL:" or end with "part 1/?" or "3/3 COMPLETE." The less nice ones will be more like "(former) minifill [37a / 50(?)] still haven't thought of a name for this thing" or "title that's just the subject line of the original prompt, Chapter 3." Your job is to catch as many of the weird ones as you can using regular expressions, while keeping false positives to a minimum.

Test it out on a real live kinkmeme, especially one without strict subject-line-formatting policies. I guarantee you, you will be delighted at some of the arcane shit your script manages to catch. And probably astonished at some of the arcane shit you never thought to look for because who the hell would even format a kinkmeme fill like that? Truly, freeform user input is a wonderful and terrible thing.

If that's not enough masochism for you, you could always try to make the script work on LiveJournal kinkmemes too!

[pentesttoolz]

Gobuster - Directory/File, DNS And VHost Busting Tool Written In Go

Gobuster v3.0 - Directory/File, DNS And VHost Busting Tool Written In Go #Brute-force #bruteforce #Busting

[sc name=”ad_1″]

Gobuster is a tool used to brute-force:

URIs (directories and files) in web sites.

DNS subdomains (with wildcard support).

Virtual Host names on target web servers.

Oh dear God.. WHY!? Because I wanted:

… something that didn’t have a fat Java GUI (console FTW).

… to build something that just worked on the command line.

… something that did not do recursive brute force.

……

[adadevacademy]

Teaching Inheritance

by Dan Roberts, Lead Instructor

Not one of them is like another. Don't ask us why. Go ask your mother. -- Dr. Seuss

Think back to when you were learning your first object-oriented programming language. If you learned to program in the last 15 years, there's a good chance that was your first language, period. You probably started off with simple concepts like conditionals and loops, moved on to methods, and then to classes. And then at some point your instructor (or mentor or tutorial video) introduced a concept called inheritance.

If you're like me, your first exposure to inheritance was a bit of a mess. Maybe you couldn't quite get a handle on the syntax. Or maybe you were able to make it work on the class project and pass the exam, but couldn't quite figure out where you would ever use this in the real world. And then once that introductory course was over, you probably packed inheritance back up into your mental toolbox and didn't use it again for a long time.

The fact is, inheritance is complicated. It's hard to use correctly, even for experienced engineers - it took me several years in industry before I felt like I had a good handle on the subject. Yet inheritance is a tool with first-class support in most modern languages, and which is taught to many novice programmers almost immediately.

In this blog post I'll dive into why teaching inheritance is hard, some of the problems with current methods, and what Ada Developers Academy is doing to try and address this problem.

Do We Need Inheritance?

The first question we should ask is, "do we really need to teach inheritance?" This might seem like a silly question - everyone teaches inheritance, it's a key part of object-oriented programming! However time is a scarce resource in a program like Ada's, and everything we do teach means there's something else we don't teach. We've found more often than you might expect that we can drop something that "everyone" does, and end up with a leaner curriculum that is more valuable to both our students and their employers.

But as it turns out, we do need to teach inheritance. This is due to the way we leverage frameworks like Ruby on Rails and ReactJS later in the course. Both Rails and React use inheritance at a fundamental level, and our curriculum wouldn't make sense without it. Moreover, inheritance is an important technique for building real-world software, and our graduates use it on a regular basis in the wild.

Whether inheritance should be taught to novices who don't have an immediate need for it, for example in the first year of a 4-year university program in CS, is a different question. It's also not a problem I'm being paid to solve / write a blog post about. We know that the curriculum we cover at Ada does need inheritance, so we can confidently move forward with our analysis.

What it Means to Teach Inheritance

I have heard using inheritance when writing software compared to using a lathe as a craftsperson. Both solve a certain class of problem extremely well, and neither is particularly useful if you don't have that problem. Both lathes and inheritance take a fair bit of training to use well, and both are liable to make a big mess if used incorrectly. Every machine shop has a lathe, and most modern programming languages support inheritance.

The lathe metaphor allows us to break down the problem a little more. Thinking about it this way, we can see that any curriculum on inheritance needs to address two types of questions.

How do you use inheritance? What specific syntax do you need, and how does that change the way information flows through your program? What rules do you need to keep in mind as you work (e.g. Liskov substitution, the open-closed principle)? These questions are more mechanical, and the answers are often language-specific.

When should you use inheritance? How do you identify that a problem is likely to be neatly solved by inheritance, or that inheritance is a poor choice? What are the tradeoffs involved in deciding whether or not to use inheritance? These questions are more theoretical, and the answers are likely to apply no matter what language or framework you use.

Thinking about these questions leads us to two main issues that make teaching inheritance difficult:

The syntax and semantics of inheritance are tricky

Problems that are well-suited to inheritance are complex

Let's dive into each of these a little deeper.

Programming with Inheritance is Tricky

One of the main reasons teaching inheritance is hard is because inheritance itself is hard. At a high level inheritance is easy to explain: one class gets all the code from another class, and can override pieces and add its own bits. As so often happens, the devil is in the details.

For example, with Ruby the following questions arise:

Are static methods inherited? Can they be overridden?

How are instance variables, class variables, and class-instance variables handled?

Can constants be overridden? If not, what should you do instead?

How does inheritance interact with nested classes?

What has precedence, methods from the parent class or from a mixin?

And that's for Ruby, which is supposed to be beginner friendly! Other languages have their own wildcards:

Python: multiple inheritance

JavaScript: prototypical inheritance model, multiple types of functions

Java: static typing and explicit polymorphism, interfaces, templating

C++: all the Java problems plus memory management and object slicing (shudder)

Whatever language you choose, there's going to be a lot of rules to remember. How do you encode all these, especially for a novice? How do you decide what to include up-front, what to put in the appendix, what to omit entirely? How do you introduce specific details while still keeping the discussion general enough to translate to other languages? This is an important part of the problem - all your theoretical knowledge of how inheritance is used and what kinds of problems it solves won't do you any good if you can't apply it in code.

Fortunately, this part of the problem of teaching inheritance is well-understood. There are many excellent texts that round up the complicated syntax and semantics of inheritance into digestible, intuitive chunks. Any alternative treatment of inheritance needs to acknowledge this challenge and build upon this existing work.

Problems that Need Inheritance are Complex

The other reason that teaching inheritance is hard is because problems that benefit from inheritance tend to be complex. At a minimum, a problem to be solved with inheritance needs:

Two or more domain objects that are similar enough they need to share code, but not so similar that they could be combined into one class

Enough other things going on that it's worth encapsulating the domain objects as classes in the first place

That's a non-trivial amount of complexity, especially for a classroom full of beginners. How can you reasonably build a school project that establishes this complexity, but still fits within the tight time limits of the course? This is where existing curriculums tend to break down.

One tool that springs to mind to address this challenge is scaffolding, possibly by implementing some portion of a project in advance. This allows an instructor to reduce the complexity of the work required of the student, without reducing the complexity of the problem space as a whole. Deciding exactly what and how much to scaffold requires us to do a little more research, so we'll come back to this problem later.

How is Inheritance Used?

Since Ada is a workforce development program, one of the most valuable things we can do is ask "what's going on in industry?" Specifically,

How is inheritance used in the real world?

How is inheritance most likely to be used by a junior engineer in their first year or so on the job?

Understanding how inheritance is used can give us some direction on how it should be taught. Let's look at a few examples.

Rails

In Rails, almost every class you write will inherit from something. The two most common are

ActiveRecord::Base for models

ActionController::Base for controllers

You also see inheritance used for everything from database migrations to configuration management - its the Rails Way™. If you want to do something, you inherit from a class somewhere in the Rails framework. These superclasses are generally quite abstract, and each covers some functionality specific to the domain of an MVC framework.

Another important idiom is the template method pattern, as made famous in the Gang of Four book. A great example of this is with database migrations, where you define an class that inherits from ActiveRecord::Migration and implement the change method, and Rails takes care of the rest. Controller actions also mimic the template method pattern, particularly if your application uses the builtin tools for RESTful routing.

For the most part, Rails does not have you define your own superclasses. The exception to this is ApplicationRecord and ApplicationController, which sit in the hierarchy between concrete models or controllers and the abstract Rails implementation - these are generated automatically by Rails, but are open for you to modify.

React

React isn't quite as broad in its use of inheritance as Rails. However, every component class inherits from React.Component.

In React we again see the template method pattern pop up. Whether you're implementing render or componentDidMount, React knows the algorithm and you fill in the details.

React also does not encourage defining your own superclasses. In fact, their official documentation is rather explicit that inheritance between components should be avoided.

Other Frameworks

Rails and React are the two industry-grade frameworks I'm most familiar with, but I've dabbled in some others, namely Android (Java) and Unity (C#).

Android follows a similar pattern: everything you write inherits from some builtin class, template methods abound, and developers are discouraged from building their own inheritance relationships.

Unity matches the pattern as well, but they seem to be more lenient about extending your own classes, at least as far as I can tell from the Unity documentation on inheritance.

Industry Experience

This matches my experience of how engineering work tends to be done. Design work, in this case identifying the abstraction and building the superclass, is done by the team as a whole or by someone with an impressive sounding job title like "principal consulting systems architect". Implementing the details in a subclass is the job of an individual engineer.

Concretely, as I was spinning up at Isilon I spent a lot of time working on C++ and Python classes that filled in the details of an existing pattern, and not a lot of time inventing new patterns. Template methods were something I used frequently without having a name for them, and which I later wished I had learned about in college.

Summary

Setting Use case Write subclasses Write superclasses Abstract classes Template methods Rails Web servers ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ React Single-page applications ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ Android Mobile apps ✅ ❌ ✅ ✅ Unity Video games ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅ First year in industry Any or none of the above ✅ ❓ ✅ ✅

There are a few clear takeaways from this quick survey:

Inheritance solves a complex problem. Programs that benefit from inheritance tend to be fairly large

Writing a subclass is much more common than writing a superclass

Often the superclass is provided for you by whatever framework you're using

Superclasses tend to be abstract, both semantically (embodying a high-level concept) and functionally (never instantiated)

The template method pattern is extremely important

Existing Work

We've built an understanding of what a new engineer needs from an introduction to inheritance. How well does existing computer science curriculum match up with this?

Building Java Programs

We'll use a case study to demonstrate: the excellent Building Java Programs: A Back to Basics Approach by Stuart Reges and Marty Stepp. This text is used by many introductory CS courses, including the University of Washington, as well as by AP CS classrooms supported by the TEALS program. My first exposure to the book was while teaching with TEALS back in 2014.

Building Java Programs does an great job introducing the vocabulary and syntax of inheritance.

The first example is different types of employees in an HR system. This is simple enough to demonstrate syntax while still somewhat plausible - not an easy balance to strike.

The text includes a discussion of where inheritance is not appropriate, and the difference between is-a and has-a relationships.

The chapter introduces interfaces, abstract classes and abstract methods, and the ability to override a method. However, it makes no mention of the template method pattern.

The chapter finishes with a more complex example dealing with different types of stocks and assets.

This is substantial enough that inheritance is an appropriate technique.

In this example, the pieces at the top of the hierarchy are abstract (an interface and an abstract class), matching the pattern identified above.

The book does not provide any context for how this code will be used. I would argue this is a major oversight. Writing code in a vacuum is fine for experienced engineers, but in my experience novices benefit from concrete examples of how code will be used from the "outside". With inheritance in particular, this would demonstrate how polymorphism is useful.

There is no mention of the idea of extending a class implemented by a framework.

In general Building Java Programs is excellent, and I have a tremendous amount of respect for Reges and Stepp. It certainly did a good job of preparing my students for the AP CS exam. However, it does not introduce inheritance as it is used in the real world, particularly by novice engineers. As far as I can tell this is typical of introductory CS courses - certainly my undergraduate education at Purdue followed a similar pattern.

Design Textbooks

There is another type of text that addresses inheritance: books on software design. Famous resources like Practical Object-Oriented Design: An Agile Primer Using Ruby (POODR) by Sandi Metz, or Design Patterns (the "Gang of Four" book) by Gamma, Helm, Johnson and Vlissides address software design more generally, employing inheritance as one tool among many.

However, these books are targeted at experienced engineers trying to up their game, not at novices learning their chosen language for the first time. Moreover they discuss design from a ground-up perspective, whereas an engineer beginning their career is likely to build on the shoulders of giants, extending existing designs rather than inventing new ones.

An ideal curriculum would bridge the gap between these two approaches, introducing both syntax and common inheritance idioms, and getting new engineers used to the work of extending an existing class.

Ada's Approach to Inheritance

The instructional team at Ada has been unhappy with our approach to inheritance for a while now, but we haven't quite known what to do about it. Now that we've done some research and formalized our engineering and pedagogical intuition, here's the approach we've come up with:

Simple examples and accessible metaphors are fine for introducing syntax and semantics, though as Reges and Stepp demonstrate they don't have to be completely unrealistic.

Common idioms like abstract classes and the template method pattern should be introduced as soon as the basic syntax is understood.

Students' first serious inheritance project should involve extending an existing superclass.

This matches the way inheritance is used in the real world, and makes the benefits (not having to re-write a bunch of code) immediately clear.

Instructors would provide the following scaffolding:

Superclass implementation

Driver code demonstrating polymorphism

Another subclass, to model the inheritance mechanism

Possibly a test suite or test stubs

If time permits, a second inheritance project would focus on design, and have students build both the superclass and subclasses, as well as driver code.

At Ada, the first inheritance project takes the form of OO Ride Share. Students are asked to load information about drivers, passengers and trips from CSV files; we provide a CsvRecord superclass and Passenger and Trip subclasses pre-built. We feel this problem is complex enough to justify inheritance but simple enough to spin up on quickly. It also mimics the way ActiveRecord is used in Rails, which will hopefully lead to more comfort and deeper understanding once we get into our Rails unit.

The second project is still in the planning phase, but the idea is a command-line app that integrates with the Slack API. After an in-class design activity students will implement a Recipient superclass that handles most of the API interaction, and User and Channel subclasses that fill in the details. They will also build a command loop that interacts with the user, demonstrating the power of polymorphism. We don't have the project write-up finished yet, but there is a prototype of the end product.

We've spent a lot of time thinking about this fresh approach to teaching inheritance, and I'm excited to see the results. Watch this space for an update in a couple months as we conclude our Intro to Ruby unit and move into Rails.

[groupdocscom]

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You can use blended characters with this Java API which help you in utilizing characters like a hyphen as valid letters and separators when indexing. Wildcard search option is another very useful feature of this API. There are two forms of wildcards available, single arbitrary character or a range of wildcard arbitrary characters. Check all available features yourself today – http://bit.ly/2TmhZRO

[veworfone]

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[itsbeyondsimple-blog]

Learn How to use the Java Map interface in Programming with the Help of key concept. If you want to clear your doubts then get ready to learn now. 

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